An Overview of Mites on Grapevine and the Discovery of a new Phytoseiidae Species; Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) spiceae

M. Vermaak; E.A. Ueckermann; R. Veldtman; P. Addison

doi:10.21548/42-1-4297

M. Vermaak Iziko South African Museum
E.A. Ueckermann Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom
R. Veldtman Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch& SANBI
P. Addison Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch& SANBI

Abstract

The common grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is the main species used for wine making, with South Africa being one of the top wine exporting countries. Grapevine is vulnerable to a range of pests, including
mites. We present an overview of phytophagous and predatory mites on grapevine in South Africa and
describe a new phytoseiid species which was discovered in the winelands region of Wellington, South
Africa. Grapevine shoots with leaves were collected over two growing seasons at four farms in Wellington.
A nursery, mother block and a commercial vineyard were selected on each farm. The mites were removed
with a mite brushing machine and slide mounted. The Phytoseiidae Database, as well the most recent
relevant literature were used in confirming the new species. Illustrations of the new species were made
using photographs taken by Zeiss Axioskop TM Research that included a Zen Soft Imaging System. The
new Typhlodromus species, Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) spiceae sp.n., is set apart from closely related
species by setae Z4 being 0.7 times the length of Z5 and by having a short, saccular and thick-walled
spermathecal. This species was found together with one phytophagous mite species (Brevipalpus lewisi)
and several predatory mite species (Typhlodromus praeacutus, Typhlodromus saevus, Eusieus addoensis). A
key to identify females of the South African species of Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) is provided.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

M. Vermaak, Iziko South African Museum

Asisstant Manager Entomology, Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch

E.A. Ueckermann, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom

Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom

R. Veldtman, Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch& SANBI

Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch - South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre

P. Addison, Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch& SANBI

Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch

References

Annechke, D. P. & Moran, V. C. 1982. Insects and Mites of Cultivated plants in Southern Africa. Butterworths, Durban.

Aratchige, N. S., Lesna, I. & Sabelis, M. W. 2004. Below-ground plant parts emit herbivore-induced volatiles: olfactory responses of a predatory mite to tulip bulbs infested by rust mite. Experimental Applied Acarology 43, 97 – 107.

Botha, J. H., Van Ark, H. & Scholtz, A. J. 1986. The effect of bollworm control with regard to populations of spider mites and some of their natural enemies on cotton. Phytophylactica 18, 141 – 150.

Botha, J. H. 1993. INFRUITEC manual for identification of good bugs in deciduous fruit orchards. INFRUITEC, Stellenbosch.

Chant, D. A. & Yoshida-Shaul, E. 1992. Adult idiosomal setal patterns in the family Phytoseiidae review (Acari: Gamasina). International Journal of Acarology 18(3), 177 – 193.

Childers, C. C., French & J. V., Rodrigues, J. C. V. 2003. Brevipalpus californicus, B. obovatus, B. phoenicis and B. lewisi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae): a review of their biology, feeding injury and economic importance. Experimental and Applied Acarology 30, 5 – 28.

Coates, T. J. D. 1974. The influence of some natural enemies and pesticides on various populations of Tetranchus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), T. lombardinii Baker & Pritchard and T. ludeni Zacher (Acari: Tetranychidae) with aspects of their biologies. Entomology Memoir 42, Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria.

Croft, B. A., Blackwood, J. S. & McMurty, J. A. 2004. Classifying life-style types of phytoseiid mites: diagnostic traits. Applied Entomology 33, 247 – 260.

Croft, B. A., Kim, S. S. & Kim, D. I. 1995. Leaf residency and interleaf movement of four phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple. Environmental Entomology 24(5), 1344 – 1351.

Croft, B. A., Moretti, L. N. Pratt, P. D. 1998. Comparative life histories and predation types: are Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) similar type II selective predators of spider mites? Environmental Entomology 27, 531 – 538.

Demite, P. R., McMurtry, J. A. & de Moraes, G. J. 2014. Phytoseiidae database: A website for taxonomic and distributional information on phytoseiid mites (Acari). Zootaxa 3795 (5), 571 – 577. Magnolia Press.

Demite P.R., Moraes G.J. de, McMurtry J.A., Denmark H.A. & Castilho R.C. 2020. Phytoseiidae Database. Available from: www.lea.esalq.usp.br/phytoseiidae (last access 20/03/2020).

Desneux, N., Decourtye, A. & Delpuech, J. M. 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 52, 81 – 106.

Dicke, M. 1988. Prey preference of the phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus pyri: 1. Response to volatile kairomone. Experimental and Applied Acarology 4, 1 – 13.

Dicke, M., Sabelis, M. W. & de Jong, M. 1988. Analysis of prey preference in phytoseiid mites using an olfactometer, predation models and electrophoresis. Experimental and Applied Acarology 5, 225 – 241.

Duncombe, W. G. 1977. Cotton losses caused by spider mites (Acarina: Tetranychidae) Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 74, 141 – 146.

Du Toit, C. L. N. 1993. ‘n Elektronies studie van Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard op tabak met spesialie verwysing na die geïntegreerde beheeer en ekonomiese belangrikheid daarvan. PhD thesis, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.

Duso, C. & Vettorazzo, E. 1999. Mite population dynamics on different grape varieties with or without phytoseiids released (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology 23, 741 -763

Escudero, L. A. & Farragut, F. 2005. Life history of predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on four spider mite species as prey, with special reference to Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Biological Control 32, 378 – 384.

Ferragut, F. & Ueckermann, E.A. 2012. A new species and new records of the subgenus Typhlodromus Scheuten from Spain, with a key to the world species (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Journal of Natural History 46(27-28), 1731-1745.

Flaherty, D. L. & Wilson, L. T. 1999. Biological control of insects and mites on grapes. Bellows, T. S. & Fisher, T. W. (Eds). Handbook of biological control. Academic press, New York.

Fraulo, A. B. & Liburd, O. E. 2007. Biological control of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, with predatory mite, Neoseiulus califronicus in strawberries. Experimental and Applied Acarology 43, 109 – 119.

Gerson, U., Smiley, R. L. & Ochoa, R. 2003. Mites (Acari) for Pest Control. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.

Greco, N. M., Sanchez, N. E. & Liljesthrom, G. G. 2005. Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a potential control agent of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): effect of pest predator ratio on pest abundance on strawberry. Experimental and Applied Acarology 37, 57 – 66.

Gribic, M., Van Leeuwen, T., Clark, R. M., Rombauts, S., Vojislava, P. R., Osborne, E. J., Dermauw, W., Cao Thi Ngoc, P., Ortego, F., Hernandez-Crespo, P, Diaz, I., Martinez, M., Navaias, M., Sucena, E., Magalbaes, S., Nagy, L., Pace, R. M., Diuranovic, S., Smagghe, G., Iga, M., Christiaens, O., Veenstra, J. A., Ewer, J. , Villalobos, R. M., Hudson, S. D., Velez, M., Yi, S. V., Zeng, J., Pires-da Silva, A., Roch, F., Cazaux, M., Navarro, M., Zhurov, V., Avevedo, G., Bjelica, A., Fawcett, J. A., Bonnet, E., Martens, C., Baele, G., Wissler, L., Sanchez-Rodriguez, A., Tirry, L., Blais, C., Demeestere, K., Henz, S.R., Gregory, T. R., Mathieu, J., Verdon, L., Farinelli, L., Schmutz, J., Lindquist, E., Fevereisen, R. & van de Peer, Y.2011. The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptions. Nature 497 (7374), 487 – 492.

Hao, D. J., Su, P., Pfammatter, J., Lui, Q., Fan, B. Q., Wang, Y. & Gu, T. Z. 2016. Morphological and genetic characteristics of Brevipalpus lewisi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and comparison with other three Brevipalpus species. International Journal of Acarology 42, 1, 34 – 40.

Helle, W. & Sabelis, M. W. (Eds). 1985a. Spider mites: Their biology, natural enemies and control (1A Edition). Elsevier, New York.

Helle, W. & Sabelis, M. W. (Eds). 1985b. Spider mites: Their biology, natural enemies and control (1B Edition). Elsevier, New York.

Hislop, R. G. & Jeppson, L. R. 1976. Morphology of the mouthparts of several species of phytophagous mites. Annual of the Entomological Society of America 59, 1125 – 1135.

James, D. G. & Whitney, J. 1993. Mite populations on grapevine in South-eastern Australia: implications for biological control of grapevine mites (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae, Eriophyidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology 17, 259 – 270.

James, D. G. 1990. Biological control of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) in southern New South Wales peach orchards: the role of Amblyseius victoriensis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Australian Journal of Zoolology 37, 645 – 655.

Jeppson, L. R., Keifer, H. H. & Baker, E. W. 1975. Mites injurious to economic plants. Berkeley, California.

Johnsen, S. & Hansen, E. W. 1986. Control of the spider mite Panonychus ulmi by Typhlodromus pyri, some details. Buletin OILB-SROP 9(4), 34 – 37.

Jung, C. & Croft, B. A. 2001. Ambulatory and aerial dispersal among specialist and generalist predators. Biological Control 32, 243 – 251.

Kazmierski, A (1998). Tydeinae of the world: genetic relationships, new and redescribed taxa and keys to all species. A revision of the subfamilies Pretydeinae and Tydeinae (Acari: Actinedida: Tydeidae), Part 4. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 41, 283-55.

Kemmitt, G., Valverde-Garcia, P., Hufnagi, A., Bacci, L. & Zotz, A. 2015. Impact of three commonly used fungicides on Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in European vineyards. Journal of Economic Entomology 108(2), 611 – 620.

Krantz, G. W. & Walter, D. E. 2009. A Manual of Acarology. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas.

Krantz, G. W. 2009. Introduction. Krantz, G. W. & Walter, D. E. (Eds). A Manual of Acarology. Texas, Texas Tech University Press.

Kreiter, S., Tixier, M-S., Auger, P., Muckensturm, N., Sentenac, G., Doublet, B. & Weber, M. 2000. Phytoseiid mites of vineyards in France. Acarologia 41, 77 – 96.

Lindquist, E. E. 1998. Review: Evolution of phytophagy in Trombidiform mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology 22(2), 81 -100.

Lindquist, E. E., Sabelis, M. W. & Bruin, J. 1996. Eriophyoid mites, their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam.

Mani, M., Shivaraju, C. & Rao, M. S. 2014. Pests of Grapevine: a worldwide list. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems 20(2), 170 – 216.

McMurty, J. A. & Croft, B. A. 1997. Lifestyles of phytoseiid mites and their roles in biocontrol. Annual Review Entomology 42, 291 – 321.

McMurty, J. A. 1982. The use of phytoseiids for biological control: progress and future prospects. Hoy, M. A. (Ed). Recent Advances in Knowledge of The Phytoseiidae. Berkley, California.

McMurty, J. A. 1992. Dynamics and potential impact of ‘generalist’ phytoseiids inagroecosystems and possibilities for establishment of exotic species. Experimental and Applied Acarology 14, 371 – 382.

Moraes, G. J. de, McMurtry, J. A., Denmark, H. A. & Campos, C. B. 2004. A revised catalog of the mite family Phytoseiidae. Zootaxa 434, 1 – 494.

Moutia, L. A. 1958. Contribution to the study of some phytophagous Acarina and their predators in Mauritius. Bulletin of Entomological Research 49, 59 – 75.

Nyrop, J., English-Loeb, G. & Roda, A. 1998. Conservation biological control of spider mites in perennial cropping systems. Barbosa, P. (Ed). Conservation Biological control. Academic Press, San Diego.

Pozzebon, A. & Duso, C. 2008. Grape downy mildew Plasmopara viticola, an alternative food for generalist predatory mites occurring in vineyards. Biological Control 45, 441 – 449.

Pozzebon, A., Loeb, G. M., & Duso, C. 2009. Grape powdery mildew as a food source for generalist predatory mites occurring in vineyards: effects on life-history traits. Annual Applied Biology 155(1), 81 – 89.

Pringle, K. L., Rust, D. J. & Meyer, M. P. K. 1986. Plant-eating mites. Myburgh, A. C. (Ed). Crop pests in southern Africa, vol 1. Deciduous fruit, grapes and berries Pretoria, Plant protection institute, Department of Agriculture and Water supply.

Ripka, G. 1998. New data to the knowledge on the phytoseiid fauna in Hungary (Acari: Mesostigmata). Acta Phytopathologica. Entomologica. Hungaria 33, 395 – 405.

Rowell, H.J., Chant, D.A. & Hansell, R.I.C. 1978. The determination of setal homologies andsetal patterns on thedorsal shield in the family Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata). The Canadian Entomologist110(8), 859–876.

Sabelis, M. W. & Dicke, M. 1985. Long-range dispersal and searching behaviour. Helle, W & Sabelis, M. W. (Eds). Spider mites, their biology, natural enemies and control, vol 1B. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Sentenac, G., Kreiter, S., Weber, M., Barthès, D. & Jacquet, C. (1993). Protection integree contre les acariens de la vigne. Proceedings International Congres Euroviti 7, 135 – 174.

Sentenac, G., Kreiter, S., Weber, M., Barthes, D. & Jacquet, C. 1993. Protection integrec vountre les acariens de la vigne. International Congress Euroviti. 7th. I.T.V. Latles: 135 – 174. Transcomp Montepellier.

Smith Meyer, M. K. P. & Rodrigues, M. C. 1966. Acari associated with cotton in southern Africa (with reference to other plants). Garcia de Orta 13, 1 -33.

Smith Meyer, M. K. P. 1981. Mite pests of crops in Southern Africa. Science Bulletin, 397. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Pretoria.

Smith Meyer, M. K. P. 1979. The Tenuipalpidae (Acari) of Africa. With keys to the world fauna. Entomology Memoir, 50. Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria.

Smith Meyer, M. K. P. 1987. African Tetranychidae (Acari: Prostigmata), with reference to the world genera. Entomology memoir 69, Department of Agriculuture and water supply, Pretoria.

Smith Meyer, M. K. P., Walters, S. S., Bolton, M. C. & Myburgh, A. C. 1988. Plant-feeding mites. In: Crop pests in Southern Africa, vol. 3. Potatoes and other vegetables, 66 – 70 (Ed. A. C. Myburgh). Bulletin 415, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria.

Smith Meyer, M. K. P., Eulitz, E. G., Walters, S. S. & Myburgh, A. C. 1989. Crop pests in southern Africa, vol. 4. Field crops and pastures, 96 – 102 (Ed A. C. Myburgh). Bulletin 416, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretroia.

Smith Meyer, M. K. P. Daiber, K. C., Pringle, K. L., Rust, D. J. & Myburgh, A. C. 1990. Plant-feeding mites. In: Crops pests in Southern Africa, vol. 5. Flowers and other ornamentals, 67 – 74 (Ed. A. C. Myburgh) Bulletin 419, Department of Agricultural Development, Pretoria.

Smith Meyer, M. K. P. & Schwartz, A. 1998. Order Acari: mites and ticks. Family Tenuipalpidae: flat mites. Reddish-black flat mite (Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes)) In: Citrus pests in the republic of South Africa, 74 – 77 (Eds. E. C. G. Bedford, M. A. van den Berg & E. A. de Villiers). ARC – Institute for Tropical and Sub-tropical Crops, Nelspruit.

Smith Meyer, M. K. P. & Craemer, C. 1999. Mites (Arachnida: Acari) as Crop Pests in Southern Africa: An Overwiew. African Plant Protection 5(1), 37-51.

Smith Meyer, M. K. P. 1996. Mite pests and their predators on cultivated plants in Southern Africa. Vegetables and berries. Agricultural Research Council.

Solomon, M. M., Easterbrook, M. A. & Fitzgerald, J. P. 1993. Mite management programmes based on organophosphate-resistant Typhlodromus pyri in the United Kingdom apple orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology 76, 6 – 10.

Stathakis, T. I., Kapaxidi, E. V. & Papadoulis, G. T. 2012. A new record and two new species of the genus Typhlodromus Scheuten (Acari: phytoseiidae) from Greece. International Journal of Acarology 38(7), 605 – 611.

Tixier, M.-S., Allam, L., Douin, M. & Kreiter, S. 2016. Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Morocco: new records, descriptions of five new species, re-description of two species, and key for identification. Zootaxa 4067 (5), 501-551.

Walter, D. E. & Proctor, H. C. 2013. Mites: Ecology, Evolution & Behaviour. Life at Microscale. Springer, New York.

Walter, D. E. 2004. Hidden in plain sight: Mites in the canopy. (Eds), Lowman, M. D. & Brinker, H. B. Forest Canopies. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Walter, D. E., Lindquist, E. E., Smith, I. M., Cook, D. R. & Krantz, G. W. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. Krantz, G. W. & Walter, D. E. (Eds). A Manual of Acarology. Texas Tech University Press, Texas.

Wearing, C. H., Walker, J. T. S., Collyer, E. & Thomas, W. P. 1978. Integrated control of apple pests in New Zealand. 8. Control assessment of an integrated programme against European red mite using an insecticide-resistant predator. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5, 823 – 837.