Exploring academic freedom, institutional autonomy, and public accountability in the global landscape of private higher education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20853/39-4-7516Keywords:
academic freedom, institutional autonomy, public accountability, private higher education, globalised educationAbstract
In the dynamic landscape of South African higher education governance, this paper explores the intricate relationship between “academic freedom”, “institutional autonomy”, and “public accountability”. Over decades, the Council on Higher Education (CHE) has undertaken a comprehensive exploration of these foundational principles, initiating a national dialogue through research initiatives and publications. However, recent developments such as the Covid-19 pandemic underscore the imperative to delve deeper into this discourse, as globalisation is quickly becoming a critical external influence on higher education. Focusing on the subtheme: governance of education in a globalised arena, within the matrix of “academic freedom”, “institutional autonomy”, and “public accountability”, the article critically examines the interplay between these essential triadic elements and the overarching impact of higher education governance. Therefore, the aim is to elucidate how these principles intersect and shape the landscape of governance as private higher education institutions become more globalised. Methodologically, a Scoping Review was conducted to offer a wide-ranging outline of the existing body of knowledge. This involved systematically searching, selecting, and synthesising relevant academic literature, journal articles, and websites. Drawing on recent scholarly works, the article navigates the compliance landscape, emphasizing the delicate balance between regulation and “institutional autonomy” within a more globalized educational framework. As the global sphere increasingly influences higher education, the study navigates the compliance landscape, emphasising the subtle balance between regulation and “institutional autonomy” within a more globalized educational framework. Building on the CHE's groundwork over the years in South Africa (S.A.), this study provides insights and “pathways” towards a more global, adaptive, and responsive governance framework for private higher education institutions.
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References
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Gupta, B. L., and Ajay Kumar Choubey. "Higher education institutions–some guidelines for obtaining and sustaining autonomy in the context of NEP 2020." Higher Education 9, no. 1 (2021).
Head, Lesley, and Ian Rutherfurd. "The state of geography in Australian universities." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 47, no. 1 (2022): 41-46.
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Lackner, Elisabeth Josefine. "Agreements between the state and higher education institutions–how do they matter for institutional autonomy?." Studies in Higher Education 49, no. 6 (2024): 1082-1094.
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Motala, Enver. The state, education and equity in post-apartheid South Africa: The impact of state policies. Routledge, (2020).
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Pattaro, Anna Francesca, Patrícia Moura e Sá, and Johan AM de Kruijf. Transparency and accountability in Higher Education as a response to External stakeholders and rules: A comparison between Three Country-Case studies. Springer International Publishing, (2022).
Perrotta, Katherine Assante, and Chara Haeussler Bohan. "A reflective study of online faculty teaching experiences in higher education." Journal of Effective Teaching in Higher Education 3, no. 1 (2020): 50-66.
Reddy, Karunanidhi. "The evolving role of business in contributing to social justice in South Africa in terms of legislative measures." Corporate ownership & control (Online) (2016).
Reichman, Henry. Understanding academic freedom. JHU Press, (2025).
Rossoni, André Luis, Eduardo Pinheiro Gondim de Vasconcellos, and Renata Luiza de Castilho Rossoni. "Barriers and facilitators of university-industry collaboration for research, development and innovation: a systematic review." Management Review Quarterly 74, no. 3 (2024): 1841-1877.
Rossouw, D. "Strategic drivers for South African higher education institutions." PhD diss., University of Johannesburg, (2022).
Scalisi, Marcello. "institutional autonomy: examples and challenges." Academic freedom, institutional autonomy and the future of democracy 24 (2020): 183.
Scarre, Geoffrey. Utilitarianism. Routledge, (2020).
Scott, Colin. "Managing higher education for a changing regulatory environment." Public Administration and Policy 24, no. 1 (2021): 7-20.
Shen, Wenqin, Xin Xu, and Xiaona Wang. "Reconceptualising international academic mobility in the global knowledge system: towards a new research agenda." Higher Education 84, no. 6 (2022): 1317-1342.
Sityata, Inga, Lise Botha, and Job Dubihlela. "Risk management practices by South African Universities: An annual report disclosure analysis." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 5 (2021): 195.
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Steynberg, Lizl, Bing Liu, Yuan Li, and Jan P. Grundling. "Global and local co-operative higher education governance: Implications for South Africa." Journal of Public Administration 55, no. 2 (2020): 158-175.
Subbarayalu, Arun Vijay. "Branding higher education institutions: challenges and potential strategies." International Journal of Education Economics and Development 13, no. 1 (2022): 58-75.
Tavares, Vander. "Feeling excluded: International students experience equity, diversity and inclusion." International Journal of Inclusive Education 28, no. 8 (2024): 1551-1568.
Tsiligkiris, Vangelis, and Janet Ilieva. "Global engagement in the post‐pandemic world: challenges and responses. Perspective from the UK." Higher Education Quarterly 76, no. 2 (2022): 343-366.
Vican, Shawna, Asia Friedman, and Robin Andreasen. "Metrics, money, and managerialism: Faculty experiences of competing logics in higher education." The Journal of Higher Education 91, no. 1 (2020): 139-164.
Viljoen, K., and L. Cilliers. "Technical and Vocational Education and Training Student Satisfaction Report." (2022).
Walton, Elizabeth, and Petra Engelbrecht. "Inclusive education in South Africa: Path dependencies and emergences." International Journal of Inclusive Education 28, no. 10 (2024): 2138-2156.
Wangenge-Ouma, Gerald, and Lucky Kgosithebe. "Autonomy and Accountability in Higher Education, Africa." In The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions, pp. 138-141. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, (2020).
Weingart, Peter, Marina Joubert, and Karien Connoway. "Public engagement with science—Origins, motives and impact in academic literature and science policy." PloS one 16, no. 7 (2021): e0254201.
Yenmee, Miss Kik. "The international co-founded University model: Case Studies in South East Asia." PhD diss., Siam University, (2020).
Yin, Juelin, and Dima Jamali. "Collide or collaborate: The interplay of competing logics and institutional work in cross-sector social partnerships." Journal of Business Ethics 169, no. 4 (2021): 673-694.
Zhumagulova, A. B. "Challenges of globalization and quality of education: legal aspect." Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence 104, no. 4 (2022): 4-11.
Alamoush, Anas S., Fabio Ballini, and Aykut I. Ölçer. "Revisiting port sustainability as a foundation for the implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs)." Journal of Shipping and Trade 6 (2021): 1-40.
Altbach, Philip G., and Jane Knight. "The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities." Journal of studies in international education 11, no. 3-4 (2007): 290-305.
Ansell, Christopher, and Jacob Torfing. Public governance as co-creation: A strategy for revitalizing the public sector and rejuvenating democracy. Cambridge University Press, (2021).
Axelrod, Paul. "Academic freedom and its constraints: A complex history." Canadian journal of higher education 51, no. 3 (2021): 51-66.
Biasi, Barbara, David J. Deming, and Petra Moser. Education and innovation. No. w28544. National Bureau of Economic Research, (2021).
Black, Derek W. "Freedom, democracy, and the right to education." Nw. UL Rev. 116 (2021): 1031: 1031-1097.
Blankenberger, Bob, and Adam M. Williams. "COVID and the impact on higher education: The essential role of integrity and accountability." Administrative Theory & Praxis 42, no. 3 (2020): 404-423.
Boughey, Chrissie, and Sioux McKenna. Understanding higher education: Alternative perspectives. African Minds, (2021).
Bowie, Chrissie, and Sioux McKenna. Understanding Higher Education: Alternative Perspectives. African Books Collective, (2021).
Bwalya, Tuesday. Quality assurance in higher education and its implications on higher education institutions and challenges in Zambia, (2023).
Chankseliani, Maia, and Tristan McCowan. "Higher education and the sustainable development goals." Higher education 81, no. 1 (2021): 1-8.
Chankseliani, Maia, Ikboljon Qoraboyev, and Dilbar Gimranova. "Higher education contributing to local, national, and global development: new empirical and conceptual insights." Higher Education 81, no. 1 (2021): 109-127.
Chen, Violet, and John N. Hooker. "A just approach balancing Rawlsian leximax fairness and utilitarianism." In Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, (2020): 221-227.
Chetty, Ms Yuraisha, Mr Tshepho Mokwele, and Ms Nadia Starr. "Roles, Responsibilities and the Value of Professional Bodies in the Context of the South African National Qualifications Framework (NQF)." SAQA Bulletin (2023): 4.
Chu, Annie TW, Jasmine LF Fung, Amy HY Tong, Sin Man Chow, Kelvin YK Chan, and K. S. Yeung. "Potentials and challenges of launching the pilot phase of Hong Kong Genome Project." J Transl Genet Genom 6, no. 2 (2022): 290-303.
De Wit, Hans, and Ligia Deca. "Internationalization of higher education, challenges and opportunities for the next decade." European higher education area: Challenges for a new decade (2020): 3-11.
De Wit, Hans, and Philip G. Altbach. "Internationalization in higher education: Global trends and recommendations for its future." Policy Reviews in Higher Education 5, no. 1 (2021): 28-46.
De Wit, Hans, and Philip G. Altbach. "Internationalization in higher education: Global trends and recommendations for its future." Policy Reviews in Higher Education 5, no. 1 (2021): 28-46.
Diko, Mlamli. "Harnessing the power of education for social change." EUREKA: Social and Humanities 5 (2023): 43-55.
Donegan, Mary, and Maryann Feldman. "Institutional evolution and the collaborative development of technology transfer capabilities." International Regional Science Review 45, no. 6 (2022): 636-662.
Fischer, Sarah. "Governance and structures for the internationalisation of higher education: translating policy into practice." PhD diss., University of Tasmania, (2020).
Fisher, Dara R. Education crossing borders: how Singapore and MIT created a new university. MIT Press, (2020).
Fitzgerald, Carey J., Jody A. Thompson, and Brittany Lorentz. "State mindfulness increases utilitarian decision making but not at the expense of inclusive fitness." Evolutionary Psychological Science 8, no. 4 (2022): 424-429.
Freeman, Brigid Ann. "Convergence and diversification in the domain of institutional policy: The aftermath of Dawkins’ Reforms." PhD diss., School of Education, University of Melbourne, (2022).
Frieslaar, Geraldine, and Olusegun Morakinyo. Transformation of Archives and Heritage Education in Post-apartheid South Africa. African Sun Media, (2023).
für Bildung, Schweiz Staatssekretariat. "Higher education and research in Switzerland: State secretariat for education, research and innovation SERI." (2019).
Gardner, Charlie J., Aaron Thierry, William Rowlandson, and Julia K. Steinberger. "From publications to public actions: the role of universities in facilitating academic advocacy and activism in the climate and ecological emergency." Frontiers in Sustainability 2 (2021): 679019.
Gaston, Paul L. Higher education accreditation: How it's changing, why it must. Taylor & Francis, (2023).
Giesenbauer, Bror, and Georg Müller-Christ. "University 4.0: Promoting the transformation of higher education institutions toward sustainable development." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (2020): 3371.
Goodwin, A. Lin. "Globalization, global mindsets and teacher education." Action in Teacher Education 42, no. 1 (2020): 6-18.
Gupta, B. L., and Ajay Kumar Choubey. "Higher education institutions–some guidelines for obtaining and sustaining autonomy in the context of NEP 2020." Higher Education 9, no. 1 (2021).
Head, Lesley, and Ian Rutherfurd. "The state of geography in Australian universities." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 47, no. 1 (2022): 41-46.
Hofer, Simon, Luca Fricker, Barbara Schmidt, Barbara Burkhard, and Hanna Brahme. "The performance of spin-off companies at the swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich." ETH Zurich (2020).
Huisman, Jeroen. "Accountability in higher education." In The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions, pp. 80-85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, (2020).
Janssen, Marijn, and Haiko Van der Voort. "Agile and adaptive governance in crisis response: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic." International journal of information management 55 (2020): 102180.
Kallio, Tomi J., Kirsi-Mari Kallio, Mira Huusko, Riitta Pyykkö, and Jussi Kivistö. "Balancing between accountability and autonomy: the impact and relevance of public steering mechanisms within higher education." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 34, no. 6 (2022): 46-68.
Karam, Marcel, Hanna Fares, and Salah Al-Majeed. "Quality assurance framework for the design and delivery of virtual, real-time courses." Information 12, no. 2 (2021): 93.
Kay, Charles D. "Utilitarianism." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, pp. 13192-13197. Cham: Springer International Publishing, (2023).
Kinzelbach, Katrin, Ilyas Saliba, and Janika Spannagel. "Research Guidelines for Country Case Studies on Academic Freedom." In Researching Academic Freedom. Guidelines and Sample Case Studies, pp. 11-23. Erlangen: FAU University Press, (2020).
Kogan, Maurice. Education accountability: An analytic overview. Routledge, (2022).
Kumar, Ashok, and S. G. Praveenakumar. Research methodology. Authors Click Publishing, (2025).
Lackner, Elisabeth Josefine. "Agreements between the state and higher education institutions–how do they matter for institutional autonomy?." Studies in Higher Education 49, no. 6 (2024): 1082-1094.
Lai, Hannah Yun Yau. "Internationalization Post-COVID-19: Exploring Internationalization at Home Initiatives in Public and Private Universities in Hong Kong." PhD diss., Northeastern University, (2022).
Lal, Prof, Dr Ram Kinkar Singh, Dr Rajesh Ranjan, and Dr Rajnish Ratna. "The Role of Global Accreditation in Cross-Border Mobility of Media Graduates." Rajnish, The Role of Global Accreditation in Cross-Border Mobility of Media Graduates (2024).
Luescher, T., Bongiwe Mncwango, S. Fongwa, Thelma Oppelt, Zama Mthombeni, and Mark Paterson. "The state of transformation in South Africa'public universities." (2023).
Mahomed, Nisaar. "Transforming education and training in the post-apartheid period: Revisiting the education, training and labour market axis." In The state, education and equity in post-apartheid South Africa, pp. 105-138. Routledge, (2020).
Marshall, Ruth, Abelardo Pardo, David Smith, and Tony Watson. "Implementing next generation privacy and ethics research in education technology." British Journal of Educational Technology 53, no. 4 (2022): 737-755.
Martinerie, Camille. "Deconstructing “de/colonised knowledge” in South Africa: the case of radical academic history under apartheid (1960-1991)." (2022).
Mezzanotte, Cecilia. "The social and economic rationale of inclusive education: An overview of the outcomes in education for diverse groups of students." (2022).
Mohale, M. A. "Community engagement in higher education: Developments after the first institutional audit cycle." South African Journal of Higher Education 37, no. 1 (2023): 113-130.
Morrish, Liz. "Academic freedom and the disciplinary regime in the neoliberal university." Neoliberalism in context: Governance, subjectivity and knowledge (2020): 235-253.
Motala, Enver. The state, education and equity in post-apartheid South Africa: The impact of state policies. Routledge, (2020).
Myburgh, Zahida, and Talita ML Calitz. "Quality management of programme reaccreditation at private higher education institutions in South Africa." The Independent Journal of Teaching and Learning 17, no. 2 (2022): 91-106.
Myburgh, Zahida. "Quality management of reaccreditation processes in private higher education institutions in South Africa." PhD diss., University of Pretoria (South Africa), (2021).
Parcerisa, Lluís, Antoni Verger, and Natalie Browes. "Teacher Autonomy in the Age of Performance-Based Accountability: A Review Based on Teaching Profession Regulatory Models (2017-2020)." Education Policy Analysis Archives 30, no. 100 (2022).
Pattaro, Anna Francesca, Patrícia Moura e Sá, and Johan AM de Kruijf. Transparency and accountability in Higher Education as a response to External stakeholders and rules: A comparison between Three Country-Case studies. Springer International Publishing, (2022).
Perrotta, Katherine Assante, and Chara Haeussler Bohan. "A reflective study of online faculty teaching experiences in higher education." Journal of Effective Teaching in Higher Education 3, no. 1 (2020): 50-66.
Reddy, Karunanidhi. "The evolving role of business in contributing to social justice in South Africa in terms of legislative measures." Corporate ownership & control (Online) (2016).
Reichman, Henry. Understanding academic freedom. JHU Press, (2025).
Rossoni, André Luis, Eduardo Pinheiro Gondim de Vasconcellos, and Renata Luiza de Castilho Rossoni. "Barriers and facilitators of university-industry collaboration for research, development and innovation: a systematic review." Management Review Quarterly 74, no. 3 (2024): 1841-1877.
Rossouw, D. "Strategic drivers for South African higher education institutions." PhD diss., University of Johannesburg, (2022).
Scalisi, Marcello. "institutional autonomy: examples and challenges." Academic freedom, institutional autonomy and the future of democracy 24 (2020): 183.
Scarre, Geoffrey. Utilitarianism. Routledge, (2020).
Scott, Colin. "Managing higher education for a changing regulatory environment." Public Administration and Policy 24, no. 1 (2021): 7-20.
Shen, Wenqin, Xin Xu, and Xiaona Wang. "Reconceptualising international academic mobility in the global knowledge system: towards a new research agenda." Higher Education 84, no. 6 (2022): 1317-1342.
Sityata, Inga, Lise Botha, and Job Dubihlela. "Risk management practices by South African Universities: An annual report disclosure analysis." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 5 (2021): 195.
Solomon, Jill. Corporate governance and accountability. John Wiley & Sons, (2020).
Steynberg, Lizl, Bing Liu, Yuan Li, and Jan P. Grundling. "Global and local co-operative higher education governance: Implications for South Africa." Journal of Public Administration 55, no. 2 (2020): 158-175.
Subbarayalu, Arun Vijay. "Branding higher education institutions: challenges and potential strategies." International Journal of Education Economics and Development 13, no. 1 (2022): 58-75.
Tavares, Vander. "Feeling excluded: International students experience equity, diversity and inclusion." International Journal of Inclusive Education 28, no. 8 (2024): 1551-1568.
Tsiligkiris, Vangelis, and Janet Ilieva. "Global engagement in the post‐pandemic world: challenges and responses. Perspective from the UK." Higher Education Quarterly 76, no. 2 (2022): 343-366.
Vican, Shawna, Asia Friedman, and Robin Andreasen. "Metrics, money, and managerialism: Faculty experiences of competing logics in higher education." The Journal of Higher Education 91, no. 1 (2020): 139-164.
Viljoen, K., and L. Cilliers. "Technical and Vocational Education and Training Student Satisfaction Report." (2022).
Walton, Elizabeth, and Petra Engelbrecht. "Inclusive education in South Africa: Path dependencies and emergences." International Journal of Inclusive Education 28, no. 10 (2024): 2138-2156.
Wangenge-Ouma, Gerald, and Lucky Kgosithebe. "Autonomy and Accountability in Higher Education, Africa." In The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions, pp. 138-141. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, (2020).
Weingart, Peter, Marina Joubert, and Karien Connoway. "Public engagement with science—Origins, motives and impact in academic literature and science policy." PloS one 16, no. 7 (2021): e0254201.
Yenmee, Miss Kik. "The international co-founded University model: Case Studies in South East Asia." PhD diss., Siam University, (2020).
Yin, Juelin, and Dima Jamali. "Collide or collaborate: The interplay of competing logics and institutional work in cross-sector social partnerships." Journal of Business Ethics 169, no. 4 (2021): 673-694.
Zhumagulova, A. B. "Challenges of globalization and quality of education: legal aspect." Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence 104, no. 4 (2022): 4-11.
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Published
2025-08-23
How to Cite
Moodley, M. 2025. “Exploring Academic Freedom, Institutional Autonomy, and Public Accountability in the Global Landscape of Private Higher Education”. South African Journal of Higher Education 39 (4):165-78. https://doi.org/10.20853/39-4-7516.
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Articles as a whole, may not be re-published with another journal.
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