The role of leadership and values in creating a positive organisational culture
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20853/39-3-6405Keywords:
organisational culture, values, leadership, transformational leadership, South Africa, Higher Education institutionsAbstract
South African Higher Education institutions have historically faced significant challenges which hindered the establishment of a genuinely inclusive and conducive organisational culture. This study aimed to explore the organisational culture of a university of technology and consider the role of institutional leadership and organisational values in shaping a positive organisational culture within the university. This study utilised a case study design and a document analysis was conducted. The document analysis revealed sub-themes related to leadership, such as high leadership turnover, lack of information sharing, male-dominant leadership, lack of alignment between leadership structures, and student leadership. In terms of values, it became evident that values and culture are not aligned, employees lack knowledge of values, are not living organisational values, values are absent in Human Resources systems, and concerns were raised regarding student values. The study contributed to organisational culture literature in the Higher Education domain which is currently lacking.
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References
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Hoffman, B. J. and Woehr, D. J. 2006. A quantitative review of the relationship between person–organization fit and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior 68(3): 389-399.
Hou, N., Peng, J. and Nie, Q. 2023. The benefits of ambidextrous leadership behavior for the workplace well-being of leaders. Current Psychology 42(32): 28783-28798.
Iqbal, N., Anwar, S. and Haider, N. 2015. Effect of leadership style on employee performance. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 5(5): 1-6.
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Kreitner, R. and Kinicki, A. 2013. Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kulati, T. 2000. Governance, leadership and institutional change in South African Higher Education: Grappling with instability. Tertiary Education and Management 6: 177–192.
Lasrado, F. and Kassem, R. 2021. Let's get everyone involved! The effects of transformational leadership and organizational culture on organizational excellence. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management 38(1): 169-194.
Leteka-Radebe, P. 2022. Reflections on complex leadership transitions in the wake of problems at UCT, Unisa and elsewhere. Mail and Guardian. https://mg.co.za/thoughtleader/opinion/2022-11-02-reflections-on-complex-leadership-transitions-in-the-wake-of-problems-at-uct-unisa-and-elsewhere/ (accessed 5 April 2023).
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Muller, R. 2017. Perceptions regarding the impact of ubuntu and servant leadership on employee engagement in the workplace. Ph.D. thesis. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.
Mutanga, O. 2023. Ubuntu Philosophy and Disabilities and Sub-Saharan Africa. London: Routledge.
Ngirande, H. 2021. Occupational stress, uncertainty and organisational commitment in higher education: Job satisfaction as a moderator. SA Journal of Human Resource Management 19(0): 1376. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1376
O'Connor, P. 2020. Why is it so difficult to reduce gender inequality in male-dominated higher educational organizations? A feminist institutional perspective. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 45(2): 207-228.
Paais, M. and Pattiruhu, J.R. 2020. Effect of motivation, leadership and organizational culture on satisfaction and employee performance. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business 7(8): 577-588.
Putri, S.A., Mirzania, A. and Hartanto, D. 2020. The importance of a transformational leadership model in managing organizational culture. Journal of leadership in organizations 2(1): 49-56.
Piccolo, R.F. and Calquitt, J.A. 2006. Transformational leadership and job behaviors: The mediating role of core job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal 49(2): 327-340.
Pratiwi, W., Haryadi, F.E., Amin, S. and Adriani, Z. 2023. Improving organizational performance through transformational leadership and organizational culture: Quality of work life as mediation. Tec Empressarial 18(1): 526-542.
Preiser, R., García, M.M., Hill, L. and Klein, L. 2021. Qualitative content analysis. In The Routledge handbook of research methods for social-ecological systems, 270-281. Routledge: London.
Schein, E.H. 2004. Organizational culture and leadership. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
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Spalluto, L.B., Planz, V.B., Stokes, L.S., Pierce, R., Aronoff, D.M., McPheeters, M.L. and Omary, R.A. 2020. Transparency and trust during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Journal of American College of Radiology 17(7): 909–912.
Steinmann, B., Klug, H.J.P. and Maier, G.W. 2018. The path is the goal: how transformational leaders enhance followers’ job attitudes and proactive behavior. Frontiers in Psychology 9: 2338. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02338.
Tavanti, M. and Tait, A. 2021. The dark side of non-profit leadership: Cases, causes and consequences. In Destructive Leadership and Management Hypocrisy, S.M. Camgoz and O.T. Ekmekci. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
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Triandis, H.C. 1959. Cognitive similarity and interpersonal communication in industry. Journal of Applied Psychology 43: 321–326.
Tsai, Y. 2011. Relationship between organisational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction. BMC Health Services Research 98: 2011. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11-98.
Vance, R.J. 2006. Employee engagement and commitment. SHRM Foundation 1: 1–53.
Van Straaten, L. 2019. An integrated intervention for enhanced staff well-being at South African higher education institutions. Ph.D. thesis. University of the Free State.
Vogds, J.C. 2001. Perceptions of Organizational Values and Culture at Various Levels of An Organization. Ph.D. thesis. University of Wisconsin-Stout.
Waller, S. 2004. Conflict in higher education faculty evaluation. Conflict Management in Higher Education Report 5(1): 1–11.
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White, M.D. and Marsh, E. 2006. Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library Trends 55(1): 22-45.
Amtu, O., Aralaha, R., Pattiruhu, C. M. and Makulua. 2021. Creating higher education quality through leadership, organizational culture and organizational commitment. IOP Conference Series. Earth and Environmental Science 747(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/747/1/012037
Arielli, S., Saggiv, L. and Roccas, S. 2020. Values at work: the impact of personal values in organizations. Applied Psychology 69(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12181
Baba, M.M., Makhdoomi, U.M. and Siddiqi, M.A. 2021. Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership Among Academic Leaders in Institutions of Higher Learning. Global Business Review, International Management Institute 22(4): 1070–1096.
Babbie, E. and Mouton, J. 2014. The practice of social research. Cape Town: Oxford University Press South Africa.
Bailey, C., Yeoman, R. and Kerridge, G. 2018. A review of the empirical literature on meaningful work: Progress and the research agenda. Human Resource Development Review 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/153448431880653.
Bass, B. M. and Avolio, B. J. 1993. Transformational leadership and organizational culture. Public Administration Quarterly 112-121.
Bass, B. M. and Riggio, R. E. 2006. Transformational leadership. 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Baumgartner, N. 2020. Build a culture that aligns with people’s values. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/04/build-a-culture-that-aligns-with-peoples-values (accessed 2 February 2024).
Bendermacher, G.W.G., Oude Egbrink, M.G.A., Wolfhagen, I.H.A.P. and Dolmans, D.H.J.M. 2017. Unravelling quality culture in higher education: a realist review. Higher Education 73: 39–60.
Bosio, E. and Schattle, H. 2021. Ethical global citizenship education: From neoliberalism to a values‑based pedagogy. Prospects 53: 287–297.
Bowen, G.A. 2009. Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal 9(2): 27-40.
Busari, A.H., Khan, S.N., Abdullah, M. and Mughal, Y.H. 2020. Transformational leadership style, followership, and factors of employees' reactions towards organizational change. Journal of Asia Business Studies 14(2): 181e209. https:// doi.org/10.1108/JABS-03-2018-0083/full/html
Carley, K. 1993. Coding choices for textual analysis: A comparison of content analysis and map analysis. Sociological Methodology 23: 75-126.
Chigangaidze, R.K. 2022. Utilising ubuntu in social work practice: ubuntu in the eyes of the multimodal approach. Journal of Social Work Practice 36: 291-301.
Chipunza, C. and Gwarinda, S. A. 2010. Transformational leadership in merging higher education institutions: A case study. SA Journal of Human Resource Management 8(1): 1-10.
Cole, N.L. 2019. The Concept of Collective Consciousness. https:///www.thoughtco.com/collective-consciousness-definition-3026118 (accessed 5 April 2023).
Coman, A. and Bonciu, C. 2016. Organisational culture in higher education: learning from the best. European Journal of Social Sciences Education 3(1): 135-145.
Cooper. K.J. 2007. Does CEO leadership style impact on adoption of the marketing concept? Ph.D. thesis. University of Canterbury.
Croucher, G. and Lacy, W.B. 2020. The emergence of academic capitalism and university neoliberalism: Perspectives of Australian Higher Education leadership. Higher Education 83: 279–295.
Demissie, D. and Egziabher, F.G. 2022. An investigation of organizational culture of Higher Education: the case of Hawassa University. Education Research International 2022, Article ID 1222779.
Dicker, R., Garcia, M. Kelly, A. and Mulrooney, H. 2019. What does ‘quality’ in higher education mean? Perceptions of staff, students and employers. Studies in Higher Education 44(8): 1425-1441.
Diskienė, D. and Goštautas, V. 2013. A fit between individual and organizational values and its implications for employees’ job satisfaction and performance. Ekonomika 92(2): 93-107.
Dobre, O.I. 2013. Employee motivation and organizational performance. Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research 5(1): 53–60.
Ekwutosi, O. C. and Moses, O. S. 2013. Internalization of organizational culture: A theoretical perspective. International Journal of Business Tourism and Applied Sciences 1(2): 77-96.
Ellemers, N. and De Gilder, D. 2022. The Human Factor in Organizational Change. In The Moral Organization: Key Issues, Analyses, and Solutions, 201-240. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Farmanesh, P. and Zargar, P. 2019. Trust in Leader as a Psychological Factor on Employee and Organizational Outcome. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/78782 (accessed 5 May 2023).
Frantz, J., Marais, J. and Du Plessis, M. 2022. Exploring the views of academics on an academic leadership programme in higher education. South African Journal of Higher Education 36(1): 136-153.
Fraraccio, M. 2023. Management theory of Charles Handy. https://www.business.com/articles/management-theory-of-charles-handy/ (accessed 12 February 2023).
Fullan, M. 2007. Leading in a culture of change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Gandy, R., Harrison, P. and Gold, J. 2018. Talent management in Higher Education: Is turnover relevant? European Journal of Training and Development 42(9): 597–610.
Gleeson, B. 2021. 5 Attributes (and benefits) of values-based leadership. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/brentgleeson/2021/07/19/5-attributes-and-benefits-of-values-based-leadership/?sh=21c872443d21 (accessed 13 May 2023).
Grote, R.C. 2011. How to be good at performance appraisals; simple, effective, done right. Harvard Business Review Press.
Hartnell, C. A. and Walumbwa, F. O. 2011. Transformational leadership and organizational culture: Toward integrating a multilevel framework. In Handbook of organizational culture and climate, eds. N.M Ashkanasy, C.P.M. Wilderom and M.F. Peterson. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hassnain, A. M. 2023. Impact of autocratic and democratic leadership styles on employees’ performance and motivation. Journal of Administrative and Business Studies 8(3): 19-26.
Hickman, C.R. and Silva, M.A. 2018. Creating excellence: Managing corporate culture, strategy, and change in the new age. New York: Routledge.
Hildesheim, C. and Sonntag, K. 2020. The Quality Culture Inventory: A comprehensive approach towards measuring quality culture in higher education. Studies in Higher Education 45(4): 892-908.
Hoffman, B. J. and Woehr, D. J. 2006. A quantitative review of the relationship between person–organization fit and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior 68(3): 389-399.
Hou, N., Peng, J. and Nie, Q. 2023. The benefits of ambidextrous leadership behavior for the workplace well-being of leaders. Current Psychology 42(32): 28783-28798.
Iqbal, N., Anwar, S. and Haider, N. 2015. Effect of leadership style on employee performance. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 5(5): 1-6.
James, A. and Dell, S. 2023. UNISA quality audit highlights erosion of Senate authority. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story =20230907061015696 =20230907061015696 (accessed 2 February 2024).
Kreitner, R. and Kinicki, A. 2013. Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kulati, T. 2000. Governance, leadership and institutional change in South African Higher Education: Grappling with instability. Tertiary Education and Management 6: 177–192.
Lasrado, F. and Kassem, R. 2021. Let's get everyone involved! The effects of transformational leadership and organizational culture on organizational excellence. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management 38(1): 169-194.
Leteka-Radebe, P. 2022. Reflections on complex leadership transitions in the wake of problems at UCT, Unisa and elsewhere. Mail and Guardian. https://mg.co.za/thoughtleader/opinion/2022-11-02-reflections-on-complex-leadership-transitions-in-the-wake-of-problems-at-uct-unisa-and-elsewhere/ (accessed 5 April 2023).
Lory, M. and McCalman, J. 2002. Management consultancies as brands: Can David learn from Goliath? Journal of Brand Management 9: 412-419.
Macupe, B. 2020. Few women leaders in academia. Mail and Guardian. https://mg.co.za/education/2020-08-20-few-women-leaders-in-academia/(accessed 7 June 2023).
Mangaliso, M.P. 2001. Building competitive advantage from ubuntu: Management lessons from South Africa [and Executive Commentary]. Academy of Management Executive 15(3): 23-37.
Mikusova, M., Klabusayova, N. and Meier, V. 2023. Evaluation of organisational culture dimensions and their change due to the pandemic. Evaluation and Program Planning 97: 1-13.
Muller, R. 2017. Perceptions regarding the impact of ubuntu and servant leadership on employee engagement in the workplace. Ph.D. thesis. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.
Mutanga, O. 2023. Ubuntu Philosophy and Disabilities and Sub-Saharan Africa. London: Routledge.
Ngirande, H. 2021. Occupational stress, uncertainty and organisational commitment in higher education: Job satisfaction as a moderator. SA Journal of Human Resource Management 19(0): 1376. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1376
O'Connor, P. 2020. Why is it so difficult to reduce gender inequality in male-dominated higher educational organizations? A feminist institutional perspective. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 45(2): 207-228.
Paais, M. and Pattiruhu, J.R. 2020. Effect of motivation, leadership and organizational culture on satisfaction and employee performance. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business 7(8): 577-588.
Putri, S.A., Mirzania, A. and Hartanto, D. 2020. The importance of a transformational leadership model in managing organizational culture. Journal of leadership in organizations 2(1): 49-56.
Piccolo, R.F. and Calquitt, J.A. 2006. Transformational leadership and job behaviors: The mediating role of core job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal 49(2): 327-340.
Pratiwi, W., Haryadi, F.E., Amin, S. and Adriani, Z. 2023. Improving organizational performance through transformational leadership and organizational culture: Quality of work life as mediation. Tec Empressarial 18(1): 526-542.
Preiser, R., García, M.M., Hill, L. and Klein, L. 2021. Qualitative content analysis. In The Routledge handbook of research methods for social-ecological systems, 270-281. Routledge: London.
Schein, E.H. 2004. Organizational culture and leadership. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Scott, D., Dizon, J.P.M. and Kezar, A. 2019. State of the Faculty: 2018 Report. Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California Pullias Center for Higher Education.
Spalluto, L.B., Planz, V.B., Stokes, L.S., Pierce, R., Aronoff, D.M., McPheeters, M.L. and Omary, R.A. 2020. Transparency and trust during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Journal of American College of Radiology 17(7): 909–912.
Steinmann, B., Klug, H.J.P. and Maier, G.W. 2018. The path is the goal: how transformational leaders enhance followers’ job attitudes and proactive behavior. Frontiers in Psychology 9: 2338. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02338.
Tavanti, M. and Tait, A. 2021. The dark side of non-profit leadership: Cases, causes and consequences. In Destructive Leadership and Management Hypocrisy, S.M. Camgoz and O.T. Ekmekci. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
Tierney, W. G. 1988. Organizational culture in Higher Education: Defining the essentials. The Journal of Higher Education 59: 2–21.
Triandis, H.C. 1959. Cognitive similarity and interpersonal communication in industry. Journal of Applied Psychology 43: 321–326.
Tsai, Y. 2011. Relationship between organisational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction. BMC Health Services Research 98: 2011. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11-98.
Vance, R.J. 2006. Employee engagement and commitment. SHRM Foundation 1: 1–53.
Van Straaten, L. 2019. An integrated intervention for enhanced staff well-being at South African higher education institutions. Ph.D. thesis. University of the Free State.
Vogds, J.C. 2001. Perceptions of Organizational Values and Culture at Various Levels of An Organization. Ph.D. thesis. University of Wisconsin-Stout.
Waller, S. 2004. Conflict in higher education faculty evaluation. Conflict Management in Higher Education Report 5(1): 1–11.
Walker, S.K. 2017. Retention strategies for reducing voluntary turnover in a Higher Education Institution. PhD thesis. Walden University, Minnesota.
White, M.D. and Marsh, E. 2006. Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library Trends 55(1): 22-45.
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Published
2025-07-04
How to Cite
van der Walt, F., and L. Wiese. 2025. “The Role of Leadership and Values in Creating a Positive Organisational Culture”. South African Journal of Higher Education 39 (3):234-49. https://doi.org/10.20853/39-3-6405.
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