Adapt or preserve: Lecturers’ experiences of teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa and their self-directedness

Keywords: self-directed learning, remote teaching, lecturers' experiences, COVID-19, online learning, remote learning

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic that has engulfed the whole world has given rise to a number of previously disguised challenges to higher educational institutions (HEIs). In the blink of an eye, lecturers had to facilitate learning in remote environments without any prior training. What aroused the interest in this study was the need to know how lecturers at one university dealt with the sudden shift to remote teaching during the pandemic. The way in which lecturers dealt with the shift may reveal their self-directedness. Using a qualitative open-ended questionnaire, we explored lecturers’ experiences of facilitating remote learning during the pandemic with the aim of uncovering their experiences and exploring how these experiences revealed lecturers’ self-directedness. The findings suggest that lecturers had both positive and negative experiences about facilitating online learning in their remote areas. We concluded that, even though lecturers experienced challenges in facilitating remote learning, most of them were able to introduce solutions to those challenges, indicating some element of being self-directed learners.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

S. C. Mahlaba, North-West University, Potchefstroom

Mathematics Education.

Self-Directed Learning Focus Area.

E. Mentz, North-West University, Potchefstroom

Research Unit Self-Directed Learning

References

Al Gamdi, M. A. and A. Samrji. 2016. “Perceived barriers towards e-learning by faculty members at a recently established university in Saudi Arabia.” International Journal of Information and Education Technology 6(1): 24–28.

Bao, W. 2020. “COVID-19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University.” Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2(2): 113–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191.

Bonilla-Molina, L. 2020. “Covid-19 on route of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” Postdigital Science and Education 2(3): 562–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-020-00179-4.

Bozkurt, A., I. Jung, F. Xiao, V. Vladimirschi, R. Schuwer, Г. Егоров, S. Lambert, et al. 2020. “A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis.” Asian Journal of Distance Education 15(1): 1–126. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3878572.

Bryson, J. R. and L. Andres. 2020. “Covid-19 and rapid adoption and improvisation of online teaching: Curating resources for extensive versus intensive online learning experiences.” Journal of Geography in Higher Education 44(4): 608–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2020.1807478.

Chick, R. C., G. T. Clifton, K. M. Peace, B. W. Propper, D. F. Hale, A. A. Alseidi, and T. J. Vreeland. 2020. “Using technology to maintain the education of residents during the COVID-19 pandemic.” Journal of Surgical Education 77(4): 729–732. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.03.018.

Creswell, J. W. and C. L. P. Clark. 2018. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. 3rd Edition. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

Curran, V., D. L. Gustafson, K. Simmons, H. Lannon, C. Wang, M. Garmsiri, L. Fleet, and L. Wetsch. 2019. “Adult learners’ perceptions of self-directed learning and digital technology usage in continuing professional education: An update for the digital age.” Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 25(1): 74–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477971419827318.

Deci, E. L. and R. M. Ryan. 1980. “Self-determination theory: When mind mediates behavior.” The Journal of Mind and Behavior 1(1): 33–43. www.jstor.org/stable/43852807.

Deci, E. L. and R. M. Ryan. 1985. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press.

Dhawan, S. 2020. “Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis.” Journal of Educational Technology Systems 49(1): 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520934018.

Fahnoe, C. and P. Mishra. 2013. “Do 21st century learning environments support self-directed learning? Middle school students’ response to an intentionally designed learning environment.” Paper presented at the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2013, New Orleans, LA. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/48576.

Fox, M. and P. Helford. 1999. “Advancing the boundaries of higher education in Arizona using the World Wide Web.” Interactive Learning Environments 7(2/3): 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1076/ilee.7.2.155.7426.

Geng, S., K. M. Y. Law, and B. Niu. 2019. “Investigating self-directed learning and technology readiness in blending learning environment.” International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 16(1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0147-0.

Hall, R. 2020. “Covid-19 and the hopeless university at the end of the end of history.” Postdigital Science and Education 2(3): 657–664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-020-00118-3.

Hsieh, H.-F. and S. E. Shannon. 2005. “Three approaches to qualitative content analysis.” Qualitative Health Research 15(9): 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687.

Huang, Y.-C., S. J. Backman, K. F. Backman, F. A. McGuire, and D. Moore. 2019. “An investigation of motivation and experience in virtual learning environments: A self-determination theory.” Education and Information Technologies 24(1): 591–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9784-5.

Jacobs, R. J., J. Caballero, J. Parmar, and M. N. Kane. 2019. “The role of self-efficacy, flexibility, and gender in pharmacy students’ health information technology readiness.” Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning 11(11): 1103–1110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2019.07.016.

Kaushik, V., C. Walsh, and D. Lai. 2019. “Pragmatism as a research paradigm and its implications for social work research.” Social Sciences 8(9): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8090255.

Kebritchi, M., A. Lipschuetz, and L. Santiague. 2017. “Issues and challenges for teaching successful online courses in higher education: A literature review.” Journal of Educational Technology Systems 46(1): 4–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239516661713.

Kidane, H. H., H. Roebertsen, and C. P. M. Van der Vleuten. 2020. “Students’ perceptions towards self-directed learning in Ethiopian medical schools with new innovative curriculum: A mixed-method study.” BMC Medical Education 20(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1924-0.

Knowles, M. 1975. Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. Englewood Cliffs: Cambridge Adult Education.

Lai, C. 2015. “Modeling teachers’ influence on learners’ self-directed use of technology for language learning outside the classroom.” Computers & Education 82: 74–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.11.005.

Lai, C., X. Li, and Q. Wang. 2017. “Students’ perceptions of teacher impact on their self-directed language learning with technology beyond the classroom: Cases of Hong Kong and U.S.” Educational Technology Research and Development 65(4): 1105–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-017-9523-4.

Lloyd, S., T. McCoy, and M. Byrne. 2012. “Faculty perceived barriers to online education.” MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching 8: 1–12.

Loeng, S. 2020. “Self-directed learning: A core concept in adult education.” Education Research International Volume 2020. https://doi.org//10.1155/202/3816132.

Long, H. B. 2000. Practice and theory in self-directed learning. Motorola University Press.

Mahlaba, 2020. “Reasons why self-directed learning is important in South African during the COVID-19 pandemic.” South African Journal of Higher Education 34(6): 120–136.

Maor, D. 2006. “Using reflective diagrams in professional development with university lecturers: A developmental tool in online teaching.” The Internet and Higher Education 9(2): 133–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2006.03.005.

Morgan, D. L. 2014. “Pragmatism as a paradigm for social research.” Qualitative Inquiry 20(8): 1045–1053. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800413513733.

Ng’ambi, D., C. Brown, V. Bozalek, D. Gachago, and D. Wood. 2016. “Technology enhanced teaching and learning in South African higher education: A rearview of a 20 year journey.” British Journal of Educational Technology 47(5): 843–858. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12485.

Orr, R., M. R. Williams, and K. Pennington. 2009. “Institutional efforts to support faculty in online teaching.” Innovative Higher Education 34(4): 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-009-9111-6.

Polly, D., F. Martin, and T. C. Guilbaud. 2020. “Examining barriers and desired supports to increase faculty members’ use of digital technologies: Perspectives of faculty, staff and administrators.” Journal of Computing in Higher Education 33(1): 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-020-09259-7.

Power, K. and K. Goodnough. 2019. “Fostering teachers’ autonomous motivation during professional learning: A self-determination theory perspective.” Teaching Education 30(3): 278–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2018.1465035.

Rapanta, C., L. Botturi, P. Goodyear, L. Guàrdia, and M. Koole. 2020. “Online university teaching during and after the Covid-19 crisis: Refocusing teacher presence and learning activity.” Postdigital Science and Education 2(3): 923–925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-020-00155-y.

Rashid, T. and H. M. Asghar. 2016. “Technology use, self-directed learning, student engagement and academic performance: Examining the interrelations.” Computers in Human Behavior 63: 604–612. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.084.

Rizvi, N. F., S. Gulzar, W. Nicholas, and B. Nkoroi. 2017. “Barriers in adopting blended learning in a private university of Pakistan and East Africa: Faculty members’ perspective.” Mhealth 3: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.21037/mhealth.2017.04.04.

Ryan, R. M. and E. L. Deci. 2017. Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. The Guilford Press.

Saldana, J. 2016. The coding manual for qualitative researchers. 3rd Edition. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

Scherer, R., S. K. Howard, J. Tondeur, and F. Siddiq. 2021. “Profiling teachers’ readiness for online teaching and learning in higher education: Who’s ready?” Computers in Human Behavior 118(1): 106675. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106675.

Schlenz, M. A., A. Schmidt, B. Wöstmann, N. Krämer, and N. Schulz-Weidner. 2020. “Students’ and lecturers’ perspective on the implementation of online learning in dental education due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): A cross-sectional study.” BMC Medical Education 20(1): 1–7.

Shafait, Z., Z. Yuming, N. Meyer, and W. Sroka, W. 2021. “Emotional intelligence, knowledge management processes and creative performance: Modelling the mediating role of self-directed learning in Higher Education.” Sustainability 13(5): 2933. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052933.

Shelton, C. 2017. “Giving up technology and social media: Why university lecturers stop using technology in teaching.” Technology, Pedagogy and Education 26(3): 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2016.1217269.

Steel, J. and A. Hudson. 2001. "Educational technology in learning and teaching: The perceptions and experiences of teaching staff." Innovations in Education and Teaching International 38(2): 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/1355000010030158.

Watermeyer, R., T. Crick, C. Knight, and J. Goodall. 2020. “COVID-19 and digital disruption in UK universities: Afflictions and affordances of emergency online migration.” Higher Education 81(3): 623–641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00561-y.

Zamani, B. E., A. Esfijani, and S. M. Abdellahi Damaneh. 2016. “Major barriers for participating in online teaching in developing countries from Iranian faculty members’ perspectives.” Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 32(3): 38–49. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.2678.

Zhu, X. and J. Liu. 2020. “Education in and after Covid-19: Immediate responses and long-term visions.” Postdigital Science and Education 2(3): 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-020-00126-3.

Published
2023-08-26
How to Cite
Mahlaba, S. C., and E. Mentz. 2023. “Adapt or Preserve: Lecturers’ Experiences of Teaching and Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Africa and Their Self-Directedness”. South African Journal of Higher Education 37 (4), 181-204. https://doi.org/10.20853/37-4-4858.
Section
General Articles