Creating ‘safe-ish’ learning spaces—attempts to practice an ethics of care

Abstract

One way to approach the project of decolonising the university is to employ decolonising pedagogies, which allow the whole of people’s lived experience into teaching and learning spaces, affirm this experience as worthy of scholarly attention and create a dialogue between experience and theory. Encouraging the sharing of personal stories among diverse and differently positioned students however brings up questions about “safe spaces”. Using Tronto’s ethics of care as a normative framework we will reflect on a range of snapshot to exemplify ethical dilemmas encountered in a teacher education classroom within a digital storytelling project. Based on this analysis two main assumptions are challenged:  that safe spaces exist and that safety is something that can be bestowed on students by the lecturer. We argue for teaching and learning that facilitates a heightened self-awareness on the part of (in particular white) educators about their own gendered, classed and raced subjectivities and how these play out in the classroom—a practice of care both towards others and towards the self. This self-awareness and self-care needs to be matched by the development of facilitation skills that may help to create learning spaces that re-affirm difference among learners while also enabling generative dialogue. We conclude with practical suggestions on how to implement such an attempt at practicing the ethics of care in the classroom. 

Author Biographies

P. Sykes, University of the Western Cape
Centre for Humanities Research
A. Gachago, Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Centre for E-Learning

References

Barrett, Betty. 2010. “Is ‘Safety’ Dangerous? A Critical Examination of the Classroom as Safe Space.” The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 1 (1): 1–12. doi:10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2010.1.9.

Benmayor, Rina 2008. “Digital storytelling as a signature pedagogy for the new humanities.” Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 7, 188–204. doi:10.1177/1474022208088648

Boler, Megan, and Michalinos Zembylas. 2003. “Discomforting Truths: The Emotional Terrain of Understanding Difference.” In Pedagogies of Difference: Rethinking Education for Social Change, edited by Peter Trifonas, 110–36. New York: Routledge Falmer.

Boys, Jos. 2008. “Between Unsafe Spaces and the Comfort Zone ? Exploring the Impact of Learning Environments on “doing” Learning.” In E-Learning and Learning Environments for the Future. Ormskirk, UK: Edge Hill University.

Bozalek, Vivienne G, and Ronelle Carolissen. 2012. “The Potential of Critical Feminist Citizenship Frameworks for Citizenship and Social Justice in Higher Education University of Western Cape.” Perspectives in Education 30 (4): 9–18.

Bozalek, Vivienne G, Wendy Mcmillan, Delia E Marshall, Melvyn November, Andre Daniels, and Toni Sylvester. 2014. “Analysing the Professional Development of Teaching and Learning from a Political Ethics of Care Perspective.” Teaching in Higher Education. Taylor & Francis: 1–12. doi:10.1080/13562517.2014.880681.

Bozalek, V., K. Watters, and D. Gachago. 2015. “Power , Democracy and Technology : The Potential Dangers of Care for Teachers in Higher Education.” Alternation 16: 259–82.

Coventry, Michael. 2008. “Engaging gender: student application of theory through digital storytelling.” Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 7(2), 205–219.” https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022208088649

DiAngelo, Robin. 2011. “White fragility.” International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 3(3), 54–70.

Ellis, Carolyn. 2004. The Ethnographic I: A Methodological Novel about Autoethnography. Oxford: Altamira Press.

Fanon, Franz. 1963. The wretched of the earth. New York: Grove Press.

Fisher, Berenice, and Joan Tronto. 1990. “Toward a feminist theory of caring.” In Circles of care: Work and identity in women’s lives edited by E. Abel and M. Nelson, 35-62. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Frankish, Tarryn, 2009. Women’s narratives of intergenerational trauma and post-Apartheid identity: the said and unsaid. Unpublished Master of Social Sciences Thesis from the University of KwaZulu-Natal.

Freeth, Rebecca. 2012. On creating uncomfortable, safe spaces for South African conversations. Workshop handout.

Gachago, Daniela, Eunice Ivala, Agnes Chigona, and Janet Condy. 2015. “Owning Your Emotions or Sentimental Navel-Gazing: Digital Storytelling with South African Pre-Service Student Educators.” Journal of Cultural Science 8 (2): 18–35.

Gachago, Daniela, Eunice Ivala, Janet Condy, and Agnes Chigona. 2013. “Journeys across Difference: Pre-Service Teacher Education Students’ Perceptions of a Pedagogy of Discomfort in a Digital Storytelling Project in South Africa.” Critical Studies in Teaching and Learning 1 (1): 22–52. doi:10.14426/cristal.v1i1.4.

Gachago, Daniela, and Pam Sykes. 2017. “Navigating Ethical Boundaries When Adopting Digital Storytelling in Higher Education.” In Digital Storytelling in Higher Education, edited by Grete Jamissen, Pip Hardy, Yngve Nordkvelle, and Heather Pleasants, 91–106. Palgrave Macmillan.

Gubrium, Aline C, Amy L Hill, and Sarah Flicker. 2014. “A Situated Practice of Ethics for Participatory Visual and Digital Methods in Public Health Research and Practice: A Focus on Digital Storytelling.” American Journal of Public Health 104 (9): 1606–13.

Hessler, Brooke, and Joe Lambert. 2017. “Threshold Concepts in Digital Storytelling: Naming What We Know About Storywork.” In Digital Storytelling in Higher Education, edited by Grete Jamissen, Pip Hardy, Yngve Nordkvelle, and Heather Pleasants, 19–35. Palgrave Macmillan.

Henry, Annette. 1994. “There are no safe places: Pedagogy as powerful and dangerous terrain.” Action in Teacher Education (15)4: 1-4.

hooks, bell. 1994. Teaching to transgress - Education as the practice to freedom. New York and London: Routledge.

Iseke-Barnes, Judy M. 2008. “Pedagogies for Decolonizing.” Canadian Journal of Native Education 31 (1): 123–48.

Kanu, Yatta. 2011. Integrating Aboriginal perspectives into the school curriculum: Purposes, possibilities, and challenges. Toronto: University of Toronto Press

Lambert, Joe. 2010. Digital storytelling cookbook. Elements. Berkeley, CA: Center for Digital Storytelling.

Latour, Bruno. 2005. “From Realpolitik to Dingpolitik or How to Make Things Public.” Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy, 4-31.

Leonardo, Zeus, and Ronald K. Porter. 2010. “Pedagogy of Fear: Toward a Fanonian Theory of “safety” in Race Dialogue.” Race Ethnicity and Education 13 (2): 139–57. doi:10.1080/13613324.2010.482898.

Low, Bronwen, Chloë Brushwood Rose, and Paula M Salvio. 2017. Community-Based Media Pedagogies - Relational Practices of Listening in the Commons. New York: Routledge.

Ludlow, Jeannie. 2004. “From safe space to contested space in the feminist classroom.” Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy, 15(1), 40–56.

Matias, Cheryl E., and Tania J. Grosland. 2016. “Digital Storytelling as Racial Justice: Digital Hopes for Deconstructing Whiteness in Teacher Education.” Journal of Teacher Education, 67(2), 152–164. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022487115624493

Mazzei, Lisa A. 2008. “Silence Speaks: Whiteness Revealed in the Absence of Voice.” Teaching and Teacher Education 24 (5): 1125–36. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2007.02.009.

McIntosh, Peggy. 1992. “White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack.” In Multiculturalism, edited by Anna May Filor, 30–36. New York: New York State Council of Educational Associations. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED355141.pdf#page=43.

Ncontsa, Vusumzi Nelson and Almon Shumba. 2013. “The nature, causes and effects of school violence in South African high schools.” South African Journal of Education, 33(3). Retrieved March 27, 2017, from http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0256-01002013000300013&lng=en&tlng=en.

Oppermann, Matthias. 2008. “Digital storytelling and American Studies: critical trajectories from the emotional to the epistemological.” Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 7(2), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022208088647

Reed, Amber and Amy Hill. 2012. “Don’t keep it to yourself!: digital storytelling with South African Youth.” International Journal for Media, Technology and Lifelong Learning, 8(2). Retrieved from http://seminar.net/index.php/component/content/article/75-current-issue/146- dont-keep-it-to-yourself-digital-storytelling-with-south-african-youth

Rom, Robert B. 1998. “Safe spaces: reflections on an educational metaphor.” Journal of Curriculum studies 30(4): 397-408.

Roux, Cornelia. 2012. Safe spaces. Human rights education in diverse contexts. Rotterdam, Boston & Taipe: Sense Publishers.

Solorzano, Daniel G., and Tara J. Yosso. 2002. “Critical Race methodology: Counter storytelling as an analytical framework for education research.” Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1): 23–44.

Stewart, Kristian. and Eunice Ivala. 2017. “Silence, voice, and “other languages”: Digital storytelling as a site for resistance and restoration in a South African higher education classroom (online publication)”. British Journal for Educational Technology. doi:10.1111/bjet.12540

Tronto, Joan. 1993. Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care. New York & London: Routledge.

Tronto, Joan C. 2010. “Creating Caring Institutions : Politics , Plurality , and Purpose.” Ethics and Social Welfare 4 (2): 37–41. doi:10.1080/17496535.2010.484259.

Tronto, Joan. 2013. Caring Democracy. New York and London: New York University Press.

Tronto, Joan. 2001. "An ethic of care." In Ethics in community-based elder care edited by M. Holstein, P. Mitzen: 60-8. New York: Springer Publishing Company.

Zembylas, Michalinos, Vivienne, G. Bozalek, and Tammy Shefer. 2014. “Tronto’s notion of privileged irresponsibility and the reconceptualisation of care: implications for critical pedagogies of emotion in higher education.” Gender and Education, 26 (3): 200–214.

Zembylas, Michalinos 2012. “Pedagogies of strategic empathy: navigating through the emotional complexities of anti-racism in higher education.” Teaching in Higher Education, 17(2): 113–125.

Published
2018-12-03
How to Cite
Sykes, P., and A. Gachago. 2018. “Creating ‘safe-ish’ Learning spaces—attempts to Practice an Ethics of Care”. South African Journal of Higher Education 32 (6), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.20853/32-6-2654.