An Assessment of Winery Wastewater Diluted for Irrigation of Grapevines in the Breede River Valley with Respect to Water Quality and Nutrient Load
Abstract
Possible re-use of winery wastewater for irrigation was investigated in a field trial with micro-sprinklerirrigatedCabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter in the Breede River Valley region of South Africa. Irrigation with
winery wastewater diluted to 100, 250, 500, 1 000, 1 500, 2 000, 2 500 and 3 000 mg/L chemical oxygen demand
(COD), respectively, was compared to irrigation with raw river water. Since the pH was lower than 6, the
diluted wastewater could cause nutrient toxicity. The diluted winery wastewater did not pose any salinity
hazard, as the electrical conductivity was well below 2 dS/m. For the given range of dilutions, the sodium
adsorption ratio never exceeded 10, which indicates that the water posed no sodicity hazard. Sodium and
Cl- never exceeded 115 and 150 mg/L, the respective upper thresholds for grapevines. With the exception
of N, levels of H2PO4
-, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3
-, SO4
2- and B3+ in the diluted wastewater increased with a
decrease in dilution level. The N load in diluted winery wastewater appeared to be completely inadequate
to supply the grapevine’s requirements. In contrast, the P load in the winery wastewater diluted to 2 500
mg/L COD and higher would supply more than adequate P if the grape yield amounts to 10 t/ha. Likewise,
the dilution of winery wastewater to 250 mg/L COD and higher would supply more than adequate K+ if the
grape yield amounts to 10 t/ha. However, K+ applied via the wastewater will only be beneficial if it is not
leached from the root zone during winter.
Downloads
A copyright form will be e-mailed to the corresponding author when the manuscript has been accepted for publication.
In principle, the Author agrees to the following when he/she signes the copyright agreement:
I hereby assign to the SOUTH AFRICAN SOCIETY FOR ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE (SASEV) the copyright of the text, tables, figures, supplementary material, illustrations and other information (the Material) submitted with the manuscript to be published in SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE (SAJEV) (the "Article"). The copyright becomes effective from the date the Article has been accepted for publication in SAJEV.
This is an open access journal, and the authors and journal should be properly acknowledged, when works are cited.
Author's may use the publishers version for teaching purposes, in books, theses, dissertations, conferences and conference papers.
A copy of the authors' publishers version may also be hosted on the following websites:
- Non-commercial personal webpage or blog.
- Institutional webpage.
- Authors Institutional Repository.
The following notice should accompany such a posting on the website: This is an electronic version of an article published in SAJEV, Volume XXX, number XXX, pages XXX - XXX, DOI. Authors should also supply a hyperlink to the original paper or indicate where the original paper (www.journals.ac.za/index.php/sajev/) may be found.
Authors publishers version, affiliated with the Stellenbosch University will be automatically deposited in the University's Institutional Repository SUNScholar.
Articles as a whole, may not be re-published with another journal.
The following license applies:
Attribution CC BY-NC-ND 4.0